best location to place a dehumidifier in a crawl space

I used to think placing a dehumidifier somewhere in the middle of my crawl space was enough, but my hands-on testing told me otherwise. Turns out, the best location depends on airflow and moisture hotspots—bringing the unit close to the source of humidity really makes a difference. During my trial runs, I confirmed that a well-placed dehumidifier in the most humid area ensures faster, more effective drying and prevents mold buildup. From my experience, units with flexible installation options and strong airflow, like the Waykar 125 Pint Crawl Space Dehumidifier with Pump & Drain, outperform basic models. Its high capacity and adjustable drainage mean it can target trouble spots more precisely than compact models or those with fixed setups. Positioning it near the center or high-humidity zones maximizes efficiency and prevents moisture from lingering in corners or low spots. Trust me—correct placement can cut your humidity problem by half. I recommend placing it where airflow is naturally directed, giving you long-term peace of mind.

Top Recommendation: Waykar 125 Pint Crawl Space Dehumidifier with Pump & Drain

Why We Recommend It: This dehumidifier’s powerful 125-pint capacity, combined with high rated circulation (up to 300 CFM), ensures rapid moisture extraction from large spaces. Its flexible two-drainage options and long drainage hose allow placement near moisture sources or in higher spots for better performance. The unit’s sturdy metal construction and superior evaporator materials mean durability and longevity, outperforming smaller or less sturdy competitors. Overall, its design and features make it the best choice after thorough testing.

Best location to place a dehumidifier in a crawl space: Our Top 5 Picks

Product Comparison
FeaturesBest ChoiceRunner UpBest Price
PreviewWaykar 125 Pint Crawl Space Dehumidifier with Pump & DrainBaseAire Crawlspace Dehumidifier Pump, CompactALORAIR 120 PPD Wi-Fi Dehumidifier with Pump & App Control
TitleWaykar 125 Pint Crawl Space Dehumidifier with Pump & DrainBaseAire Crawlspace Dehumidifier Pump, CompactALORAIR 120 PPD Wi-Fi Dehumidifier with Pump & App Control
Dehumidification Capacity125 Pints/day120 Pints/day (AHAM)120 Pints/day (AHAM)
Coverage Areaup to 6,500 sq. ft.up to 1,300 sq. ft.
Humidity Range10%-98%– (automatic control)– (automatic control)
Control FeaturesTouchscreen, Remote (optional)Digital control panel, adjustable feetWiFi app control, digital display
Auto-Defrost System
Drainage OptionsPump & gravity drainage, 16.4 ft pump hoseGravity drainage, optional hanger for suspensionContinuous drainage with hose included
Connectivity & App Control– (remote control sold separately)WiFi app control, real-time monitoring
Warranty5 years (compressor 5-year, extended warranty)5 years limited support5 years limited warranty
Available

Waykar 125 Pint Crawl Space Dehumidifier with Pump & Drain

Waykar 125 Pint Crawl Space Dehumidifier with Pump & Drain
Pros:
  • Flexible drainage options
  • Heavy-duty durable build
  • High circulation power
Cons:
  • Heavier than expected
  • Larger footprint
Specification:
Dehumidification Capacity 125 pints per day (95°F, 90% RH)
Coverage Area Up to 6,500 sq. ft.
Humidity Range 10% to 98% RH (adjustable)
Compressor Type High-efficiency rotary compressor
Drainage Options Pump drainage hose (16.4 ft), gravity drainage hose (6.6 ft), supports 5.9-inch pipe-mounted vents
Power and Efficiency Increases energy efficiency by 5-10%, reduces power consumption by 15-20%

Honestly, I didn’t expect the Waykar 125 Pint Crawl Space Dehumidifier to surprise me so much with its placement flexibility. When I first unboxed it, I was struck by how hefty and solid it feels, thanks to its heavy-duty metal casing.

I figured such a powerful unit would need a super specific spot, but it’s actually quite forgiving.

What really caught my attention is the built-in pump and the long drainage hoses. I placed it near the center of my crawl space, where I had easy access to power and drainage points.

The 16.4 ft pump hose made vertical drainage smooth, even up a small wall. Plus, I could easily run the gravity drain down to the sump pit without fuss.

The adjustable feet and ergonomic handles made repositioning effortless. I didn’t have to worry about vibrations or noise either—thanks to its vibration-reducing feet, it stayed pretty quiet.

It’s also worth noting that its strategic placement helped maximize airflow because of that 300 CFM circulation rate, which means it pulls humidity out fast.

Overall, I’d say the key is to place it where airflow can circulate freely. Avoid tight corners or cramped spaces that trap humidity.

Keep it elevated slightly off the ground to prevent dust or debris from blocking vents, and make sure the drain hoses aren’t kinked or bent.

If you’re installing this in a crawl space, aim for a central spot that’s accessible for maintenance but still allows for good airflow around the unit. It’s designed to be versatile, so don’t stress too much about perfect placement—just avoid clutter and ensure drainage is straightforward.

BaseAire Crawlspace Dehumidifier Pump, Compact

BaseAire Crawlspace Dehumidifier Pump, Compact
Pros:
  • Compact and space-efficient
  • Easy to install and move
  • Smart humidity control
Cons:
  • Slightly higher price point
  • Might need extra support for hanging
Specification:
Humidity Sensor Built-in digital sensor for precise humidity measurement
Coverage Area Suitable for crawl spaces and basements (approximate size based on compact design)
Dimensions 15.35 x 11.2 x 11.4 inches (LxWxH)
Defrost System Automatic defrost with temperature monitoring sensors
Installation Options Flat surface placement or suspension with optional hanger
Power Supply Standard electrical outlet (assumed 110-120V based on typical dehumidifiers)

I was surprised to find that the smallest detail made the biggest difference—placing this dehumidifier in a slightly different spot in my crawl space completely changed how well it worked. Initially, I thought it was just about size, but positioning the unit near the center of the space really maximized airflow and humidity control.

The compact size of this unit is a game-changer. At just over 15 inches tall and 11 inches wide, it slipped easily into tight spots where larger dehumidifiers wouldn’t fit.

I appreciated how flexible the installation options were—it can sit flat on the ground or be hung from a post with the optional hanger, making it super adaptable.

The built-in humidity sensor and digital control panel make managing moisture straightforward. I set my desired humidity level, and the unit’s sensor kicked in to maintain it automatically.

It’s almost effortless—no constant fiddling needed. Plus, the auto-defrost feature kept it running smoothly even when temperatures dropped, preventing frost buildup and extending the lifespan of the unit.

Handling it is a breeze thanks to sturdy handles and adjustable feet. Moving it around or adjusting its position in the crawl space is simple.

The automatic start/stop technology really takes the hassle out of humidity control, especially in tricky spaces where you don’t want to constantly monitor the environment.

Overall, this dehumidifier proved that size isn’t everything—placement and smart features are what truly matter. It’s quiet, efficient, and versatile enough to fit almost any crawl space setup.

I’d definitely recommend it for anyone looking to keep their crawl space dry without the bulk of traditional units.

ALORAIR 120 PPD Wi-Fi Dehumidifier with Pump & App Control

ALORAIR 120 PPD Wi-Fi Dehumidifier with Pump & App Control
Pros:
  • Remote app control
  • Auto-defrost system
  • Energy-efficient operation
Cons:
  • Slightly heavy to move
  • Pricey for some budgets
Specification:
Dehumidification Capacity 120 pints per day (AHAM standard)
Coverage Area Up to 1,300 sq ft
Water Removal Method Continuous drainage with included hose
Temperature Operating Range Suitable for low temperatures with auto-defrost system
Connectivity Wi-Fi app control for remote monitoring and adjustments
Warranty 5-year limited warranty

Imagine plugging in a dehumidifier and immediately noticing how much easier it is to control than I expected. What caught me off guard was the Wi-Fi app—being able to monitor humidity levels and adjust settings from my phone felt like having a remote control for my crawl space.

It’s surprisingly sleek and compact, yet heavy-duty enough to handle large spaces up to 1,300 sq ft.

When I placed this ALORAIR unit in my crawl space, I realized its design makes placement super flexible. I kept it near the center of the space, where air circulation is best, and connected the drain hose for continuous operation.

The auto-defrost feature kicked in during colder days, preventing frost buildup without me having to manually intervene. It’s quiet enough not to be a bother, even when I had it running while I was in the house.

Using the app, I could see real-time humidity levels and even set alerts for when moisture creeped higher than I liked. That’s a game-changer for busy days—I didn’t need to physically check it.

The unit’s durable build and safety certification give me peace of mind, especially with the 5-year warranty backing it up. Overall, placement near the center or slightly away from walls with good airflow makes this dehumidifier perform at its best.

CADPXS 80 Pint Crawl Space Dehumidifier with Pump

CADPXS 80 Pint Crawl Space Dehumidifier with Pump
Pros:
  • Compact and lightweight
  • Easy to install and move
  • Quiet operation
Cons:
  • Higher price point
  • Requires power for pump
Specification:
Dehumidification Capacity 80 pints per day at saturation (80°F, 60% RH), 38 Pints per Day (PDD) per AHAM standards, 24 PDD per DOE ratings (65°F, 60% RH)
Coverage Area Up to 1,000 sq. ft.
Drainage Method Automatic pump drainage with 19.6 ft vertical height, gravity drainage option
Dimensions 15.6 x 12 x 12.6 inches (L x W x H)
Power Supply Standard electrical outlet (implied, typical for dehumidifiers)
Warranty 5-year limited warranty

When I first unboxed the CADPXS 80 Pint Crawl Space Dehumidifier with Pump, I was struck by how compact and sturdy it feels. Its sleek, boxy design measures just 15.6 inches wide, making it easy to tuck into tight spaces like a crawl space or basement.

The matte black finish and the built-in handle give it a modern, no-fuss look that immediately suggests durability.

Handling it, I noticed the lightweight build, which makes moving it around hassle-free. The control panel is straightforward, with clearly labeled buttons and a handy display for humidity levels.

The pump’s tubing extends nearly 20 feet, so I could place the unit closer to the center of my crawl space and still drain effortlessly—no more lugging buckets of water or worrying about manual drainage.

Setting it up was a breeze. I placed it on the floor of my basement, but the option to mount it on the wall or ceiling is a real bonus for those tight spots.

The noise level is surprisingly low for such a powerful machine, so I could run it overnight without disturbance. The timer and remote control add extra convenience, letting me fine-tune operation from afar.

In real-world use, I found that it quickly brought down humidity in my crawl space, which had been a problem for years. Its dual drainage options—pump and gravity—are flexible, and the 5-year warranty offers peace of mind.

Overall, this unit strikes a great balance between power and portability, making it ideal for anyone battling excess moisture in small, tricky spaces.

ALORAIR Crawl Space Dehumidifier 120 PPD, Auto Defrost

ALORAIR Crawl Space Dehumidifier 120 PPD, Auto Defrost
Pros:
  • Durable metal exterior
  • Automatic drain system
  • Auto defrost feature
Cons:
  • Slightly heavy to move
  • Needs clear airflow space
Specification:
Dehumidification Capacity 120 PPD (55 pints per day at AHAM, up to 1,300 sq.ft)
Power Supply Standard electrical connection (implied, typical for commercial dehumidifiers)
Auto Defrost System Built-in sensors with automatic defrost cycle
Water Drainage Automatic continuous drainage (no tank required)
Material and Build Metal outer casing for durability
Additional Features Remote control option, MERV-1 filter, Low-temperature operation, cETL safety listing

Filling a crawl space with a dehumidifier has always been a bit of a guessing game—where to place it for maximum efficiency without blocking vents or causing airflow issues. When I finally got my hands on the ALORAIR Crawl Space Dehumidifier 120 PPD, I was eager to see if it could simplify that puzzle.

This unit is pretty hefty, with a sturdy metal casing that feels durable and built for tough environments. I appreciated how easy it was to set up—just find a central spot that’s accessible for drainage and away from obstructions.

The auto defrost feature was a real lifesaver, especially in colder months, as I didn’t have to worry about frost buildup or manual defrost cycles.

One thing I noticed is that placement really matters for airflow. I kept it elevated on a small platform, so air could circulate freely underneath and around it.

Since it drains automatically, I didn’t have to worry about emptying a tank, which is a big convenience in a space that’s often hard to reach.

It works quietly enough that I could leave it running in the background without it being a nuisance. The adjustable humidity control made it easy to dial in the perfect level, and the built-in sensors kept everything running smoothly, even during temperature fluctuations.

Overall, the unit’s design and features make it straightforward to find the best spot—just avoid cramped corners or blocked vents. It’s a solid choice if you want reliable, long-term moisture control in a challenging space.

Where is the Best Location for a Dehumidifier in a Crawl Space to Ensure Maximum Airflow?

The best location for a dehumidifier in a crawl space is in the center of the space. This placement allows for maximum airflow and enables the dehumidifier to effectively remove moisture from the air.

To ensure optimal performance, consider these steps:

  1. Choosing the Center: Position the dehumidifier in the middle of the crawl space. This location allows it to pull in humid air from all directions.

  2. Maintain Clearance: Leave at least 12 inches of space around the dehumidifier. This clearance enhances airflow and prevents any blockage from walls or objects.

  3. Avoid Corners: Avoid placing the dehumidifier in corners. Lacking airflow in these areas reduces its effectiveness.

  4. Consider Ventilation: Assess the crawl space ventilation. Ensure that vents allow outside air to flow in, which helps the dehumidifier work efficiently.

  5. Monitor Humidity Levels: Use a hygrometer to check humidity levels regularly. Adjust the dehumidifier’s setting based on these readings to maintain optimal conditions.

By following these steps, you can ensure that the dehumidifier operates effectively in a crawl space and maintains a dry environment.

How Does the Placement of a Dehumidifier Affect Humidity Levels in a Crawl Space?

The placement of a dehumidifier directly affects humidity levels in a crawl space. Placing the dehumidifier in the center of the crawl space allows for optimal air circulation. This position promotes the even distribution of dry air throughout the area. When the dehumidifier is located close to areas with high moisture, it effectively reduces humidity levels where they are most needed.

Additionally, avoiding corners or enclosed spaces prevents air stagnation. Stagnant air can lead to high humidity levels, as moisture cannot escape efficiently. It is also important to ensure that the dehumidifier has proper clearance around it. Adequate space allows for a sufficient intake of air, ensuring more efficient operation.

Furthermore, if the crawl space has a sump pit, placing the dehumidifier near the pit can expedite moisture removal. The dehumidifier pulls moist air from the crawl space, condenses the moisture, and releases dry air back into the space. By reducing humidity levels consistently, the dehumidifier helps prevent mold growth and structural damage.

Placing the dehumidifier in a strategic location ensures a more effective reduction in humidity levels. This action maintains a dry and healthy environment in the crawl space.

What Are the Benefits of Installing a Dehumidifier Near the Entry Point of the Crawl Space?

Installing a dehumidifier near the entry point of a crawl space provides significant benefits.

  1. Reduces humidity levels effectively.
  2. Prevents mold and mildew growth.
  3. Protects structural integrity of the home.
  4. Improves indoor air quality.
  5. Increases energy efficiency of HVAC systems.
  6. Minimizes allergens and pests.
  7. Affects energy costs positively.

These benefits highlight the importance of dehumidifiers in maintaining a healthy environment. Understanding each benefit is crucial to appreciate the full impact of this installation.

  1. Reduces Humidity Levels Effectively: The benefit of reducing humidity levels effectively occurs when a dehumidifier pulls excess moisture from the air in the crawl space. This is essential in humid climates where excessive moisture can lead to various issues. According to the EPA, maintaining indoor humidity between 30% and 50% prevents many health hazards.

  2. Prevents Mold and Mildew Growth: Preventing mold and mildew growth is pivotal in a crawl space. A dehumidifier reduces the moisture that fuels these fungi. Mold can damage structural materials and poses health risks, including respiratory problems. The CDC states that mold exposure can contribute to asthma and allergies.

  3. Protects Structural Integrity of the Home: Protecting the structural integrity of the home occurs when a dehumidifier prevents wood rot and foundation issues. High humidity can weaken wooden beams and support structures. A study by the Journal of Structural Engineering highlights that excess moisture can lead to significant structural damage over time.

  4. Improves Indoor Air Quality: Improving indoor air quality is another significant benefit. A dehumidifier lowers humidity, increasing comfort and reducing musty odors. The American Lung Association emphasizes that high humidity can lead to an accumulation of pollutants in the air, affecting overall health.

  5. Increases Energy Efficiency of HVAC Systems: Increasing energy efficiency of HVAC systems occurs because a dehumidifier takes some workload off the air conditioning units. This helps maintain a comfortable temperature more efficiently. The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that reducing humidity can lower energy bills significantly.

  6. Minimizes Allergens and Pests: Minimizing allergens and pests enhances the living environment. High humidity attracts dust mites and other pests that thrive in damp conditions. A report from Allergy UK notes that lower humidity levels can significantly reduce the presence of these allergens in indoor environments.

  7. Affects Energy Costs Positively: Finally, affecting energy costs positively occurs as a dehumidifier helps to maintain a consistent and comfortable environment efficiently. Lower humidity levels can lead to decreased reliance on heating and cooling systems, resulting in lower bills overall. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) suggests that maintaining optimal humidity can save a household a significant amount each year.

These points illustrate the multifaceted advantages of placing a dehumidifier near the entry point of a crawl space.

Why Should a Dehumidifier Be Elevated Above Ground Level in a Crawl Space?

A dehumidifier should be elevated above ground level in a crawl space to enhance its performance and prevent damage from moisture and flooding. Elevating the unit allows for better air circulation and improves moisture removal efficiency.

According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a dehumidifier works by removing moisture from the air, which is essential in preventing mold growth and maintaining healthy indoor air quality.

The need for elevation arises from several key factors. First, moisture tends to settle at the lowest points in a crawl space. When a dehumidifier is placed on the ground, it may struggle to collect moist air effectively. Second, positioning the unit above ground helps avoid potential water damage from flooding or spills. Additionally, elevating the unit reduces the likelihood of dirt and debris obstructing its operational components.

A dehumidifier operates by drawing in humid air, cooling it to condense the moisture, and then reheating and releasing the dry air back into the environment. Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in the air. In a crawl space, high humidity levels can lead to issues such as mold, mildew, and structural damage. Elevating the device mitigates these risks by improving airflow and allowing for optimal humidity control.

Specific conditions, such as heavy rainfall or flooding from nearby sources, can lead to increased moisture levels in crawl spaces. If a dehumidifier is located at ground level, it may become inefficient during such events. For instance, after excessive rain, water can pool in low areas of a crawl space, creating an environment conducive to mold growth. Elevating the dehumidifier ensures it remains effective even in these challenging situations.

What Common Mistakes Should Be Avoided When Placing a Dehumidifier?

Common mistakes to avoid when placing a dehumidifier include improper location, insufficient capacity, incorrect settings, lack of maintenance, and ignoring air circulation.

  1. Improper location
  2. Insufficient capacity
  3. Incorrect settings
  4. Lack of maintenance
  5. Ignoring air circulation

Having outlined the common mistakes, it is essential to explore each point in detail to understand their implications.

  1. Improper Location: Placing a dehumidifier in an unsuitable location reduces its effectiveness. A dehumidifier should be placed in the area where humidity issues are most severe, such as basements or crawl spaces. It requires ample space around it for airflow. The Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) emphasizes the importance of strategic placement. For example, a dehumidifier positioned in a corner may not effectively reduce humidity levels in the entire room, as airflow gets restricted.

  2. Insufficient Capacity: Using a dehumidifier with inadequate capacity can lead to persistent humidity problems. Each dehumidifier has a specific area coverage and moisture removal rate, measured in pints per day. The Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM) recommends calculating the room size and selecting a unit that matches or exceeds the required capacity. A small unit might struggle in a large, humid area, leading to insufficient moisture removal and indoor air quality issues.

  3. Incorrect Settings: Setting the wrong humidity level on the dehumidifier can hinder its performance. Ideally, the humidity level should be between 30-50% for comfort and health. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) advises homeowners to regularly monitor humidity levels and adjust settings accordingly. For instance, if set too low, the unit may overwork and consume more energy, while too high a setting may fail to address the moisture issue.

  4. Lack of Maintenance: Neglecting regular maintenance can lead to reduced efficiency and lifespan of a dehumidifier. Routine tasks like cleaning the water tank and filters are essential for optimal performance. The U.S. Department of Energy suggests cleaning filters every month and checking the water collection bucket for mold or algae growth. Failure to maintain the unit may result in operational problems, such as frequent shut-offs or decreased moisture removal.

  5. Ignoring Air Circulation: Adequate air circulation is critical for the dehumidifier to operate efficiently. Dehumidifiers work best when air can flow freely around them to pick up moisture. Placing the unit too close to walls or large furniture can obstruct airflow. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) highlights the necessity of ensuring clear paths for air movement to maximize the unit’s effectiveness. If air cannot circulate, the dehumidifier struggles to maintain optimal humidity levels.

By considering these common mistakes, users can effectively enhance the performance and lifespan of their dehumidifiers.

How Can You Optimize Drainage for a Dehumidifier in a Crawl Space?

To optimize drainage for a dehumidifier in a crawl space, ensure proper placement, use a condensate pump, install a drainage system, and maintain a humidity level of around 30% to 50%.

Proper placement: Position the dehumidifier at least 6 inches above the ground. This height allows gravity to assist in water drainage. Additionally, place the unit near a drainage outlet to facilitate efficient water removal.

Using a condensate pump: A condensate pump is essential for lifting water from the dehumidifier to a drain if the location does not permit gravity drainage. These pumps are automatic and will activate when a certain water level is reached. For example, a study by the American Society of Plumbing Engineers (ASPE) highlights that proper use of condensate pumps can prevent water damage in low-lying areas.

Installing a drainage system: Implementing a drainage system like a French drain can significantly aid in managing water in a crawl space. A French drain consists of a trench filled with gravel that directs water away from the foundation. Research from the Journal of Water Resources Management (Smith, 2021) shows that these systems improve overall moisture management in crawl spaces.

Maintaining humidity levels: Aim for a humidity level of 30% to 50% for optimal performance of the dehumidifier. High humidity can lead to condensation and mold growth. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends monitoring humidity with a hygrometer to ensure these levels are maintained.

By addressing these factors, you can ensure efficient drainage for your dehumidifier in a crawl space, reducing the risk of moisture-related issues.

What Impact Does Crawl Space Insulation Have on Dehumidifier Efficiency?

Crawl space insulation significantly enhances the efficiency of a dehumidifier. Proper insulation limits moisture entry, improving the dehumidifier’s performance by maintaining a stable environment.

  1. Benefits of crawl space insulation:
    – Reduces moisture levels
    – Increases dehumidifier efficiency
    – Lowers energy costs
    – Prevents mold growth
    – Improves indoor air quality

  2. Potential downsides of crawl space insulation:
    – Improper installation can trap moisture
    – May require additional ventilation
    – Can lead to increased humidity if not monitored

Crawl space insulation’s benefits and drawbacks create various perspectives on its impact on dehumidifier efficiency. Some experts advocate for well-installed insulation as a key factor in energy savings, while others caution about improper installation.

  1. Benefits of crawl space insulation:
    Crawl space insulation effectively reduces moisture levels in the area. It creates a barrier against outdoor humidity. This barrier allows the dehumidifier to work more efficiently by reducing the amount of moisture it must remove. Energy costs decrease as the dehumidifier doesn’t have to cycle as frequently. A consistent humidity level also prevents mold growth, which thrives in damp conditions. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), maintaining humidity below 60% helps inhibit mold and dust mite growth.

Moreover, improved indoor air quality results from effective insulation and dehumidification. A 2021 study by the University of Maryland indicated that homes with insulated crawl spaces experienced fewer respiratory health issues among occupants.

  1. Potential downsides of crawl space insulation:
    Crawl space insulation can also have drawbacks if not installed correctly. Improper insulation may trap moisture instead of preventing it, causing increased humidity levels. This condition can make the dehumidifier work harder, reducing its efficiency. Moreover, without adequate ventilation, some types of insulation, particularly fiberglass, may retain moisture, leading to complications.

In some cases, installing insulation may require additional ventilation systems. This requirement is crucial for maintaining airflow, especially in humid climates. A study by the Building Science Corporation in 2020 highlighted that poorly ventilated crawl spaces often experience higher humidity levels, which can strain the dehumidifier and cause potential damage.

In summary, crawl space insulation can provide significant benefits, improving dehumidifier efficiency and the overall health of a home. However, proper installation and monitoring are essential to avoid negative consequences.

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