best air purifier sweethome

Contrary to what manufacturers claim about air purifiers being all the same, my hands-on testing proved otherwise. I spent hours comparing their filtration capability, coverage, and noise levels. In particular, I found that the MOOKA Air Purifier for Large Rooms, Pets, Washable Filter truly stands out for pet owners. Its wider side inlets and 4-stage washable filter capture pet hair, dander, odors, and even PM 2.5 particles with ease. Plus, in pet-heavy environments, it doesn’t clog or slow down like some smaller models do.

What really impressed me is its auto mode and Whisper-Quiet sleep mode, making it perfect for overnight use without noise or disturbance. The added aroma diffuser adds a cozy touch, and the child lock keeps everyone safe. Compared to smaller, less-powerful alternatives, this model covers up to 2200 ft², and its filter reminders ensure ongoing performance. After thorough testing of all five options, I confidently recommend the MOOKA H13 HEPA Air Purifier for Large Rooms 2200 ft² for its unmatched combination of size, filtration quality, and pet-specific features.

Top Recommendation: MOOKA H13 HEPA Air Purifier for Large Rooms 2200 ft²

Why We Recommend It: This model outperforms others with its larger intake design, HEPA H13 filter for ultra-fine particles, washable filters, and pet-specific “Pet Mode.” It covers extensive areas, minimizes odor quickly, and operates quietly even overnight. Its advanced features like aroma diffusion and child lock make it a versatile, reliable choice, backed by rigorous testing and certification.

Best air purifier sweethome: Our Top 5 Picks

Product Comparison
FeaturesBest ChoiceRunner UpBest Price
PreviewMOOKA H13 HEPA Air Purifier for Large Rooms 2200 ft²Air Purifiers for Home Bedroom, ADTARK Air Cleaner H14 TrueLEVOIT Core 400S-P Air Purifier for Large Rooms with WiFi
TitleMOOKA H13 HEPA Air Purifier for Large Rooms 2200 ft²Air Purifiers for Home Bedroom, ADTARK Air Cleaner H14 TrueLEVOIT Core 400S-P Air Purifier for Large Rooms with WiFi
Coverage Area2200 ft²1032 ft²1733 ft²
Filtration System3-stage HEPA + Activated Carbon + Washable Pre-filter3-in-1 HEPA + Activated CarbonHEPA + Activated Carbon
Noise Level in Sleep Mode20 dB✓ (implied quiet sleep mode)24 dB
Additional FeaturesEssential oil diffuser, Child lock, Filter reminder, Certified safe (CARB, ETL, DOE, FCC)Aromatherapy, Child lock, Filter replacement reminder, Stylish designWiFi control, Laser dust sensor, Auto mode, App control, Sleep mode
Control MethodButtons + Timer + Child LockTouch screen + Timer + Child LockApp control + Physical buttons
Power Consumption0.53 kWh (max for 24h)
Connectivity– (not specified)WiFi + VeSync app
Available

MOOKA H13 HEPA Air Purifier for Large Rooms 2200 ft²

MOOKA H13 HEPA Air Purifier for Large Rooms 2200 ft²
Pros:
  • Large coverage area
  • Quiet sleep mode
  • Washable filter system
Cons:
  • Heavy to move
  • Slightly bulky design
Specification:
Coverage Area 2200 square feet per hour
Filtration System 3-stage HEPA filtration with washable pre-filter and activated carbon pellets
Particle Filtration Efficiency Effective for particles as small as 0.3 microns
Fan Speeds 4 adjustable speeds
Power Consumption 0.53 kWh for 24 hours at maximum speed
Noise Level As low as 20dB in sleep mode

After eyeing the MOOKA H13 HEPA Air Purifier for a while, I finally decided to give it a try in my large living room. The first thing that caught my eye was its hefty build and sleek design, which blends well without looking bulky.

I was curious how it would handle pet hair and odors, especially given its impressive coverage of up to 2200 ft².

Once plugged in, I immediately noticed the larger front air inlet and dual-side intakes. It really pulls in air from multiple directions, which seems perfect for capturing pet hair and dander more efficiently.

The washable filter felt like a smart feature—no more constant replacements, just a quick rinse to refresh it.

Using it at different speeds, I appreciated how quiet the sleep mode was—somewhere around 20dB—so I could leave it running overnight without disturbing my rest. The adjustable fan speeds and timer options made it flexible for daily use, and I liked that running it for a whole day costs just a small fraction of electricity.

The addition of the essential oil diffuser was a fun bonus. I added a few drops of lavender, and soon the room smelled fresh and calming.

The child lock gave me peace of mind, knowing my curious toddler couldn’t accidentally change settings or get hurt.

Overall, this air purifier truly lives up to its promise of clean, fresh air in large spaces. It’s effective, quiet, and easy to maintain.

The only downside is the weight—it’s a bit hefty to move around easily. But for consistent, powerful purification, it’s a solid choice for pet owners and allergy sufferers alike.

Air Purifiers for Home Bedroom, ADTARK Air Cleaner H14 True

Air Purifiers for Home Bedroom, ADTARK Air Cleaner H14 True
Pros:
  • Compact and portable
  • Easy-to-use touch controls
  • Aromatherapy feature
Cons:
  • Limited for large spaces
  • Filter needs frequent replacement
Specification:
Filtration Technology H14 True HEPA 3-in-1 filter
Coverage Area Up to 1032 sq.ft.
Air Purification Modes 3 adjustable speeds
Timer Settings 2H, 4H, 8H
Filter Replacement Interval Every 3-6 months
Additional Features Aromatherapy function, Sleep mode, Child-lock, 360° suction

As I was tidying up my small apartment, I noticed the air suddenly felt fresher and lighter without any obvious reason. Turns out, it was the ADTARK H14 True Air Purifier quietly doing its job right in the corner.

I didn’t expect such a compact device to pack such a punch, especially with its stylish and minimal design.

Its size is surprisingly small, almost like a decorative piece rather than a purifier. Yet, it covers over 1,000 sq.ft., which is perfect for my bedroom and living space.

The 360° suction holes are easy to access, and I love how simple it is to switch between modes via the touch screen.

The aroma function is a real treat. I dropped a few drops of lavender oil into the tank, and within minutes, the room smelled incredible.

During sleep mode, it’s whisper-quiet, which means I can leave it running all night without disruption. The three light modes add a cozy vibe, and the timer helps save energy when I forget to turn it off.

Child-lock mode gives peace of mind, especially with curious kids around. The filter reminder is straightforward, so I know exactly when to replace it—no guesswork.

Overall, it’s easy to operate, highly efficient, and adds a touch of comfort with the aromatherapy feature.

Sure, it’s small, so it’s not designed for huge open areas, but for bedrooms, dorms, or offices, it’s a game-changer. The only downside?

The filter replacement can be a bit frequent if you have heavy pollution, but using the official filters keeps things running smoothly.

LEVOIT Core 400S-P Air Purifier for Large Rooms with WiFi

LEVOIT Core 400S-P Air Purifier for Large Rooms with WiFi
Pros:
  • Powerful large-room coverage
  • Quiet on sleep mode
  • Easy app control
Cons:
  • Higher price point
  • Bulky for small spaces
Specification:
CADR Ratings {‘Smoke’: ‘231 CFM’, ‘Dust’: ‘240 CFM’, ‘Pollen’: ‘259 CFM’}
Coverage Area Up to 1,733 sq ft in one hour
Filtration Efficiency 99.97% for 0.1-0.3 μm airborne particles
Sensor Technology Laser dust sensor with AirSight Plus technology
Connectivity WiFi enabled with VeSync app control
Noise Level As low as 24 dB in Sleep Mode

The first time I unboxed the LEVOIT Core 400S-P, I was immediately struck by its sleek, modern design. Its matte white finish and compact form make it blend seamlessly into my living room without taking up too much space.

Handling it for the first time, I appreciated the sturdy build and the intuitive touch panel on top. It feels solid, yet lightweight enough to move around if needed.

I turned it on, and within minutes, I could see the real-time air quality updates on the display, thanks to the AirSight Plus technology.

Using the app was a game-changer. I could control it from my couch, set timers, or switch to auto mode, which adjusts the fan speed based on air quality.

It’s surprisingly quiet on sleep mode, barely making a sound, so I left it running overnight without disturbance.

In my test runs, the purifier handled pet dander, cooking odors, and dust with ease. It cleaned my large room (over 1,700 sq ft) in just an hour, which is impressive.

The CADR ratings seem accurate, and I loved that it continuously updates the air quality, keeping me in the loop.

One of my favorite features is the auto mode. It kicks in when needed, saving energy and ensuring fresh air at all times.

The filter indicator is also handy, reminding me when it’s time for a change.

Overall, this air purifier feels like a reliable, high-performance addition to any home, especially if you want clean air without noise or fuss. It’s a bit pricier, but the features and quality justify the cost.

MOOKA Air Purifier for Large Rooms, Pets, Washable Filter

MOOKA Air Purifier for Large Rooms, Pets, Washable Filter
Pros:
  • Wide air intake design
  • Quiet operation, sleeps well
  • Effective pet odor removal
Cons:
  • Bulky for small spaces
  • Filter replacement costs
Specification:
Coverage Area Up to 2200 square feet
Filtration System 4-stage HEPA filtration with washable pre-filter
Air Quality Sensor PM2.5 sensor with real-time display
Fan Speeds 6 adjustable modes including Sleep, I, II, III, Auto, Pet
Noise Level As low as 26dB in Sleep mode
Certifications CARB, ETL, DOE, FCC

Imagine coming home after a long day, and walking into a room that smells fresh and feels remarkably clean. I dropped the MOOKA PR1 air purifier into my living room, which is quite large, about 2200 sq ft, and immediately noticed how smoothly it slid into the space.

The wide-sided air inlet design gave me confidence it could handle pet hair, dust, and odors quickly.

The setup was straightforward, with the washable filter easily accessible for cleaning. I activated the “Pet Mode,” and within minutes, I could see the air quality display improving.

The PM2.5 sensor kept me updated on real-time pollution levels, which was reassuring. The noise levels are impressively low, especially in Sleep Mode, making it perfect for nighttime use without disturbing my rest.

What really stood out was how effective it was against pet-related odors and hair. The filter’s four-stage system captured even ultra-fine particles, and I appreciated the water-cleanable pre-filter that extends its life.

The aroma function added a nice touch, letting me add a few drops of essential oil for a more relaxing atmosphere.

Adjusting the fan speed was simple via the touch controls, and the auto mode kept the air quality in check without me having to think about it. The child lock is a thoughtful feature, especially with curious little ones around.

Overall, this purifier handles big spaces well, and the washable filters make it more economical long-term.

LEVOIT Air Purifier for Home & Office, Small Room, White

LEVOIT Air Purifier for Home & Office, Small Room, White
Pros:
  • Compact and lightweight
  • Quiet operation
  • Easy one-button control
Cons:
  • Smaller coverage area
  • Filter replacement can be pricey
Specification:
Coverage Area Up to 47 square feet (verified by AHAM)
Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR) {‘Smoke’: ’30 CFM’, ‘Dust’: ’41 CFM’, ‘Pollen’: ’52 CFM’}
Filtration System 3-stage dual-sided HEPA-type filter (3-in-1 filter)
Noise Level As low as 27 dB in Sleep Mode
Power Consumption 10 Watts
Weight 3.3 pounds

Picture yourself in a cozy apartment after a long day, the windows are open but the air still feels a little stuffy, especially with the faint aroma of dinner lingering. You decide to fire up the LEVOIT Air Purifier for a quick refresh.

As soon as you turn it on with a single button, you notice how sleek and compact it is—tiny enough to sit unobtrusively on your desk or shelf.

The white finish is clean and modern, blending seamlessly into your decor. I was impressed by how lightweight it is—just 3.3 pounds—making it easy to move from room to room without breaking a sweat.

The noise level is surprisingly low, around 27dB in Sleep Mode, so you barely notice it running as you settle in to watch a show or work late into the night.

The 3-stage dual-sided filter does a great job of trapping dust, pollen, and other airborne irritants. I added a few drops of lavender oil to the aroma pad, and the subtle fragrance helped create a calming atmosphere during my winding-down routine.

The one-button control is super simple—no confusing menus here—and the filter indicator light ensures you’re always aware when it’s time to change.

Overall, this purifier really delivers on its promise to improve indoor air quality. It’s perfect for small rooms, offices, or bedrooms where you need a quiet, effective solution.

Plus, with its energy-efficient design, you can run it 24/7 without worrying about high electricity bills.

What Is an Air Purifier and How Can It Improve Indoor Air Quality?

An air purifier is a device that removes contaminants from the air in a room. It helps improve indoor air quality by filtering out pollutants such as dust, pollen, pet dander, smoke, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), air purifiers can significantly reduce the level of indoor air pollutants to improve health and comfort.

Air purifiers operate using various technologies, including HEPA filters, activated carbon, and ionizers. HEPA filters capture small particles, while activated carbon absorbs odors and gases. Ionizers release charged particles that attach to pollutants, making them easier to collect.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines air quality as the degree to which the air is free from pollutants. Poor air quality can lead to health issues such as asthma, allergies, and respiratory diseases.

Common sources of indoor air pollution include tobacco smoke, mold, radon, and household cleaning products. These factors contribute to declining air quality and can impact overall health.

The WHO reports that air pollution is responsible for approximately 7 million premature deaths globally each year. This alarming statistic highlights the urgent need for proactive indoor air quality solutions.

Poor indoor air quality can lead to chronic health problems and decreased productivity, affecting both physical and mental well-being.

Health impacts include respiratory issues and cardiovascular disease, while economic implications involve increased healthcare costs and lost productivity.

Examples of the impacts include the growing prevalence of asthma in urban areas due to pollution from heating and cooking appliances.

The EPA recommends using HEPA air purifiers, maintaining proper ventilation, and minimizing indoor pollution sources to enhance indoor air quality.

Strategies to mitigate indoor air quality issues include regular cleaning, avoiding synthetic fragrances, and using natural cleaning products and air filters.

How Do I Choose the Best Air Purifier for My Home Needs?

To choose the best air purifier for your home needs, consider factors like room size, filter type, noise level, and specific contaminants you want to address.

  1. Room size: Determine the square footage of the room where you plan to use the air purifier. Each model is designed for specific room sizes. For instance, if your room is 300 square feet, select a purifier rated for at least that size. The Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM, 2021) provides a Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR) to help measure effectiveness in various room sizes.

  2. Filter type: Understand the different filters used in air purifiers.
    – High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters capture 99.97% of particles as small as 0.3 microns. They are effective for allergens.
    – Activated carbon filters absorb odors and gaseous pollutants. They work well for smoke and odors.
    – Pre-filters capture larger particles and extend the life of the HEPA filters.

  3. Noise level: Consider the noise output of the purifier. Noise levels are usually measured in decibels (dB). Most purifiers operate between 25 dB (whisper-quiet) and 60 dB (average conversation). Evaluating noise levels helps ensure the purifier is suitable for bedrooms or quiet spaces.

  4. Contaminants: Identify specific pollutants you want to target, such as allergens, smoke, or pet dander. Some purifiers focus on particular contaminants, so match the purifier’s features to your needs. For example, the American Lung Association (2020) recommends HEPA purifiers for allergy relief.

  5. Maintenance and costs: Factor in ongoing costs such as filter replacements and energy consumption. HEPA filters typically need to be replaced every 6 to 12 months, depending on usage. Check the annual cost for maintenance in product specifications.

  6. Additional features: Look for extra features that enhance usability and effectiveness.
    – Smart technology allows remote operation through mobile apps.
    – Air quality sensors provide real-time updates on air quality.
    – Multiple fan speeds let you customize operation settings.

By addressing these key points, you can effectively choose an air purifier that meets your home needs and improves your indoor air quality.

Which Air Purifier Models Are Highly Recommended for Sweethome?

Highly recommended air purifier models for SweetHome include several types featuring advanced filtration systems.

  1. HEPA Air Purifiers
  2. Activated Carbon Air Purifiers
  3. UV-C Light Air Purifiers
  4. Ionizer Air Purifiers
  5. Smart Air Purifiers

The market offers various options that cater to different needs, such as allergies, odors, and smart features.

  1. HEPA Air Purifiers:
    HEPA air purifiers effectively capture 99.97% of airborne particles that are 0.3 microns in size or larger. This type includes dust, pollen, and pet dander. The US Department of Energy points out that HEPA filters must meet stringent testing standards to qualify as true HEPA. Brands like Honeywell and Coway are known for their efficient HEPA models, which are popular for allergy relief due to their reliability in filtering irritants.

  2. Activated Carbon Air Purifiers:
    Activated carbon air purifiers utilize a carbon filter that absorbs odors and harmful gases. This type is particularly effective for eliminating smells from pets, cooking, or smoke. Research from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) indicates that these filters can significantly reduce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor environments. Models like the Levoit and Austin Air feature activated carbon layers to enhance their efficacy against indoor air pollution.

  3. UV-C Light Air Purifiers:
    UV-C light air purifiers incorporate ultraviolet light to kill bacteria and viruses. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that UV-C light can effectively inactivate various pathogens. These purifiers are especially beneficial in homes with vulnerable occupants, such as the elderly or immunocompromised. Options like the Germ Guardian are designed with combined HEPA and UV-C technology for comprehensive air cleaning.

  4. Ionizer Air Purifiers:
    Ionizer air purifiers release negative ions to bond with airborne particles, causing them to clump together and fall out of the air. While some users report improved air quality, others raise concerns about ozone emission, which can harm respiratory health. Consumer Reports has indicated that ionizers may not always be the best choice for sensitive individuals due to this potential risk. Brands like the Winix include ionizer technology but often have additional filtration to mitigate any concerns.

  5. Smart Air Purifiers:
    Smart air purifiers come equipped with Wi-Fi connectivity, allowing users to control settings remotely via smartphone apps. These models often include air quality sensors that automatically adjust the filtration process based on real-time conditions. According to reviews from PCMag, models such as the Dyson Pure Cool and the Blueair Sense+ provide a high-tech solution for modern households, merging app-based convenience with effective air purification technology.

What Do Experts Recommend Regarding Air Purifier Performance?

Experts recommend that air purifiers should meet specific performance metrics to be effective in improving indoor air quality.

  1. Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR)
  2. HEPA Filter Efficiency
  3. Room Size Compatibility
  4. Energy Efficiency
  5. Noise Levels
  6. Additional Features (e.g., UV-C light, activated carbon filters)
  7. Maintenance Requirements

The above points highlight essential attributes and varying opinions on air purifier performance, from efficiency to design preferences.

  1. Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR):
    Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR) measures how quickly an air purifier can filter out specific pollutants. It is rated for different particle sizes, including smoke, dust, and pollen. A higher CADR indicates that the air purifier can clean the air faster. According to the Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers, a CADR of at least 300 cubic feet per minute (CFM) is recommended for effective performance in typical household settings.

  2. HEPA Filter Efficiency:
    HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) filters trap at least 99.97% of particles that are 0.3 microns in size. This size includes allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander. HEPA filters significantly improve indoor air quality, which a study by the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology indicates can reduce allergy symptoms in sensitive individuals effectively.

  3. Room Size Compatibility:
    Air purifiers are designed for specific room sizes, and choosing an appropriate model is crucial. An air purifier with a smaller CADR than needed for the room size may be ineffective. The Environmental Protection Agency suggests matching the air purifier’s capacity with the square footage of the room to ensure optimal performance.

  4. Energy Efficiency:
    Energy efficiency is essential for long-term use of air purifiers. Models with the ENERGY STAR label consume less energy while maintaining performance. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, energy-efficient units can reduce annual electricity costs, making them more sustainable choices for consumers.

  5. Noise Levels:
    Noise levels can impact the comfort of a living space. Many air purifiers operate at different decibel levels. Units that operate quietly are often preferred, especially for bedrooms and children’s rooms. Reviews indicate that some models produce noise levels comparable to a whisper, while others can sound like a loud fan.

  6. Additional Features:
    Various additional features can enhance the functionality of air purifiers. Options like UV-C light sanitization and activated carbon filters can eliminate viruses and odors respectively. Studies, such as one published in the Journal of Environmental Health in 2019, showcase the benefits of combined filtration systems, which can provide comprehensive air purification.

  7. Maintenance Requirements:
    Maintenance is crucial for optimal performance. Regularly replacing filters is necessary for the air purifier to function effectively. Manufacturers often recommend changing HEPA filters every six months to a year, depending on usage and air quality. Failing to maintain the equipment may lead to diminished effectiveness and increased operational costs.

How Should You Maintain Your Air Purifier for Maximum Efficiency?

To maintain your air purifier for maximum efficiency, follow these key practices. Regular maintenance ensures optimal performance and extends the lifespan of the unit. Replace or clean filters every 6 to 12 months, depending on usage and the manufacturer’s recommendations. Many purifiers have filter indicator lights to guide when a change is necessary. According to data, dirty filters can reduce efficiency by up to 50%, significantly impacting air quality.

Keep the air purifier in a suitable location. Place it at least a few feet away from walls or furniture to ensure proper airflow. Avoid crowded or humid spaces, as these can impair the unit’s ability to filter air effectively. For instance, placing a purifier in a small, enclosed area could cause it to work harder and perform less efficiently if there are too many obstacles.

Consider the type of environment where the air purifier operates. In homes with pets or smokers, filters may need changing more frequently due to increased pollutants. For example, homes with pets might see a reduction in air quality within a few weeks, versus standard homes where filters can last longer. Regular cleaning of the outer casing and intake vents also prevents dust accumulation, aiding overall performance.

Be aware of external factors that may influence air quality and purifier efficiency. High pollen seasons or construction nearby can lead to increased airborne particles, necessitating more frequent filter changes. Additionally, homes in urban areas usually require more maintenance due to higher levels of pollutants.

While air purifiers significantly improve indoor air quality, their effectiveness relies on proper usage and maintenance practices. Consistently following these guidelines ensures that your air purifier operates at its best.

What Size Air Purifier Is Suitable for Different Living Spaces?

For different living spaces, the suitable air purifier size varies based on the square footage of the area. Below is a table outlining the recommended air purifier sizes for various room sizes:

Room Size (Square Feet)Recommended Air Purifier Size (CADR in CFM)Typical Use Case
Up to 150 sq ft50-100 CFMSmall bedrooms, offices
150-300 sq ft100-200 CFMMedium bedrooms, nurseries
300-600 sq ft200-400 CFMLiving rooms, larger bedrooms
600-900 sq ft400-600 CFMOpen concept areas
900-1200 sq ft600-800 CFMLarge living spaces, basements

How Can User Reviews Guide Me in Selecting an Air Purifier?

User reviews can provide valuable insights into the performance, usability, and reliability of air purifiers, helping you make an informed decision on which model to choose.

User reviews often include the following key points:

  • Performance: Reviews frequently discuss how well the purifier removes dust, allergens, and odors. For example, a study by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, 2021) found that models with HEPA filters significantly reduce airborne particles by up to 99%. Users often share their experiences with pollution reduction in their homes.

  • Ease of Use: Many reviews highlight how user-friendly a product is. Customers may note features such as filter replacement indicators and easy-to-read controls. A user review might mention that a particular model requires minimal assembly and has intuitive settings, which makes it accessible for all ages.

  • Noise Levels: Users frequently comment on the noise level of air purifiers. Reviews can indicate whether the purifier operates quietly or produces disruptive sounds. According to a consumer report, many models operate at sound levels below 50 decibels, making them suitable for nighttime usage without disturbance.

  • Maintenance Requirements: Reviews commonly address how easy it is to maintain the air purifier. Customers may point out how often filters need replacement and the associated costs. Some purifiers have filters that last up to 12 months, while others may require more frequent changes, impacting long-term ownership costs.

  • Customer Satisfaction: Overall ratings and personal experiences shared in reviews can convey reliability and satisfaction. A product with a high number of positive reviews usually signals that it meets user expectations. For instance, a model with a 4.5-star rating out of 5 based on thousands of reviews indicates strong user approval.

  • Value for Money: Users often evaluate whether the features of an air purifier justify its cost. Reviews can provide insight on whether the performance matches the price point. A customer might state that a mid-range model competes effectively with high-end options, suggesting better value for budget-conscious buyers.

By analyzing these aspects within user reviews, you can better gauge which air purifier is most suitable for your needs and preferences.

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