Cryogenic freezing is a process used to preserve living things by cooling them to very low temperatures. It stops all biological activity, so things can be kept for a long time. It is used to preserve food, vaccines, and human cells, and also in some medical treatments.
Cryogenic freezing is a process that utilizes extremely cold temperatures to preserve biological samples and food items. It is a relatively recent development, having been invented in the mid-20th century. In this blog post, we will explore the benefits of cryogenic freezing, the physics behind it, potential ethical implications, and future advances in this technology.
Definition of cryogenic freezing
Cryogenic freezing is a process of preserving biological material at extremely cold temperatures. It involves the use of liquid nitrogen, which is stored at temperatures of -196°C. Cryogenic freezing can be used to preserve a wide range of biological materials, including cells, tissues, organs, and even entire organisms. This process is particularly useful for preserving biological material for long-term storage or research purposes.
Cryogenic freezing works by slowly cooling the biological material until it reaches the desired temperature. This ensures that the material is preserved in a stable state, without undergoing any cell damage. It also slows down the rate of aging and decay that would occur if the material were stored at room temperature. In addition, cryogenic freezing is also used to preserve valuable samples of biological material for future use.
The process of cryogenic freezing requires specialized equipment and materials, such as cryogenic tanks, cryoprotectants, and cryoshippers. This ensures that the material is safely stored and that it can be retrieved in a timely manner. Cryogenic freezing is also an economical solution for long-term storage, as it significantly reduces energy costs associated with regular refrigeration.
All in all, cryogenic freezing is a useful process for preserving biological material for long-term storage or research. It is a safe, reliable, and economical solution for preserving valuable samples for future use.
Brief history of cryogenic freezing
Cryogenic freezing is a process of storing materials at extremely low temperatures, usually -196°C or colder. It is used to preserve a wide range of materials, including chemicals, food, and living tissue. While it is a relatively new concept, the history of cryogenic freezing dates back centuries.
The use of ice and snow to preserve food and other materials can be traced back to Ancient Egypt. Ice harvesting was commonplace during the 18th and 19th centuries in the United States and Europe, where it was used to preserve food, medicines, and other perishable items.
In the late 19th century, scientists began to explore the possibility of using cold temperatures to preserve living tissue. In 1883, German scientist Adolf von Baeyer proposed that living cells could be preserved at very low temperatures and revived later. This concept was further developed by French physiologist Paul Bert, who suggested that animals could be revived from a deep freeze.
In the early 20th century, the first experiments with cryogenic freezing were conducted. In 1931, German scientist Friedrich Bergius became the first to successfully freeze and revive a living organism – a carp. In the 1950s, Robert Ettinger published The Prospect of Immortality, which argued that cryogenic freezing could be used to preserve humans and allow for their eventual revival.
The development of cryogenic storage technology has continued to advance in recent decades. In the 1990s, the first cryopreservation of human embryos was successfully completed. In the 2000s, breakthroughs were made in the field of cryopreservation of human tissue, organs, and even entire bodies.
Today, cryogenic freezing is used in a wide range of industries, including biotechnology, food processing, and medical research. It is used to store living tissue and organs, extend the shelf life of food, and preserve pharmaceuticals. The process of cryogenic freezing continues to advance and may one day provide the means to extend human life.
Benefits of Cryogenic Freezing
Cryogenic freezing is a process that uses extreme cold temperatures to preserve and store materials for long periods of time. The benefits of cryogenic freezing include the preservation of valuable materials, the preservation of living cells, and the ability to store materials in a safe and reliable manner.
The preservation of valuable materials is one of the major benefits of cryogenic freezing. In this process, materials are frozen to extremely low temperatures, which prevents degradation and decomposition. This makes it possible to preserve materials for many years without any damage. In addition, this process can be used to preserve items that would otherwise be impossible to preserve, such as biological specimens and human tissue.
Cryogenic freezing also has the benefit of preserving living cells. This process allows cells to remain viable for long periods of time, which can be used for medical research or other applications. By freezing cells, scientists can study them in greater detail and use them for experiments or treatments.
Finally, cryogenic freezing provides a reliable and safe way to store materials. This process prevents the materials from degrading or being exposed to damaging elements, such as heat, light, and oxygen. In addition, this process can be used to store materials in a secure manner, making it difficult for unauthorized individuals to gain access to them.
Overall, cryogenic freezing offers many benefits, including the preservation of valuable materials, the preservation of living cells, and the ability to store materials safely and securely. With these benefits, cryogenic freezing is an invaluable tool for those who need to preserve and store materials for long periods of time.
Improved longevity
Cryogenic freezing is a process of cooling living cells or tissue to cryogenic temperatures in order to preserve them for long-term storage. This process of cryogenic freezing has the potential to dramatically improve longevity, as it can slow down or even halt the aging process.
By storing cells or tissue at cryogenic temperatures, the metabolic processes that cause aging can be slowed down or even stopped, thus potentially increasing the lifespan of the living cells or tissue. This can be especially beneficial for cells or tissue that are used in medical treatments, as they can be used for longer periods of time without losing their effectiveness.
Cryogenic freezing is being used to store stem cells, which have the potential to be used for medical treatments in the future. By preserving these cells at cryogenic temperatures, doctors and researchers can be sure that the cells will still be viable for use when needed.
Cryogenic freezing is also being used to preserve organs and tissue for transplantation, which can help to increase the lifespan of the recipient. By preserving organs and tissue at cryogenic temperatures, they can be kept in a viable state until they are needed, thus increasing the chances of successful transplantation.
Overall, cryogenic freezing is a revolutionary process that has the potential to dramatically improve longevity. By storing living cells or tissue at cryogenic temperatures, the aging process can be slowed down or even halted, thus potentially increasing the lifespan of the cells or tissue. This has a wide range of applications, from medical treatments to organ transplants, and can help to improve the quality of life for many people.
Preservation of biological samples
Cryogenic freezing is a process used to preserve biological samples for extended periods of time. It involves the use of extremely cold temperatures to freeze the samples, thus preserving them in their original state. Cryogenic freezing is especially useful for preserving samples that are sensitive to environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity.
The process involves cooling the sample to temperatures as low as -196°C, which can be achieved using liquid nitrogen or other cryogenic fluids. This process ensures that the sample remains in a state of suspended animation and that its molecular structure and composition remain unchanged. This allows scientists to study the samples at a later date without fear of the sample deteriorating.
Cryogenic freezing is a valuable tool for the preservation of biological samples, as it allows for the long-term storage of samples in their original state. This enables researchers to compare samples from different time periods, and to study the effects of environmental factors on biological samples over time. It also provides a way to preserve samples of rare or endangered species.
In conclusion, cryogenic freezing is a valuable process for the preservation of biological samples. It allows scientists to study samples over long periods of time and to compare samples from different time periods. It also provides a way to preserve samples of rare or endangered species.
Preservation of food items
Preserving food items is an important and necessary task for many reasons. Food needs to be kept safe and secure in order to prevent spoilage and maintain freshness. One of the most efficient and effective ways to preserve food items is through cryogenic freezing.
Cryogenic freezing is the process of rapidly cooling food items to temperatures of -180°C or colder by using liquid nitrogen or other cryogenics. This process is extremely effective at preserving food and preventing spoilage, as it stops the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms. The rapid cooling also helps to preserve the flavor and texture of the food.
The cryogenic freezing process is used in a variety of industries, including food processing and storage, pharmaceuticals, and even aerospace applications. It is especially useful for preserving fresh produce, meats and seafood, as it helps to maintain the quality of the food while also extending its shelf life. In addition, cryogenic freezing can be used to preserve food items for long-term storage, making it an ideal solution for those who need to store food items for extended periods of time.
Overall, cryogenic freezing is an efficient and effective way to preserve food items and maintain their quality and freshness. With its ability to rapidly cool food items, it can help to extend the shelf life of food products and keep them safe for consumption.
How Does Cryogenic Freezing Work?
Cryogenic freezing is an advanced scientific process that is used to preserve living cells, tissues, organs, and entire bodies at extremely low temperatures. This process works by draining the blood and replacing it with a specialized solution that is designed to protect organs and cells.
This is followed by a cryoprotectant, which acts as an anti-freeze that prevents the cells from being damaged by the extreme cold. Once the cells are fully immersed in this solution, they are then placed inside a cryogenic tank and cooled to temperatures between -196°C and -320.8°F.
This extreme cold causes the cells to enter a state of suspended animation, which stops all metabolic activity and preserves them for future use. This process is believed to be the best way to preserve living cells for an extended period of time, although there is still no evidence that it can actually work on humans.
Physics of Cryogenic Freezing
Cryogenic freezing is a process used to preserve objects and materials at extremely low temperatures. The process works by cooling the object to a temperature of -196°C, which is known as the temperature of liquid nitrogen. This temperature is far below the freezing point of water, which is 0°C. When objects and materials are exposed to these temperatures, their molecular activity slows down considerably, making it much easier to store them for long periods of time.
The physics behind cryogenic freezing is based on a few fundamental principles. The first is that the lower the temperature, the slower the molecules of a substance move. This is because when molecules are cold, they have less energy to move around and interact with each other. Thus, when an object or material is cooled down to extremely low temperatures, its molecules become almost completely still, leading to a very slow rate of deterioration.
Another principle is that the lower the temperature, the less energy the molecules need to maintain their structure. This means that when an object or material is stored at extremely low temperatures, its molecules require less energy to stay in the same state, leading to a much longer period of preservation.
Finally, cryogenic freezing also relies on the principle that the lower the temperature, the lower the pressure of the surrounding atmosphere. This is because the molecules of a substance take up less space at lower temperatures, resulting in a decrease in atmospheric pressure. This further helps to reduce the rate of deterioration, as the molecules of the object are able to remain in the same state for a longer period.
Therefore, by combining these fundamental principles, cryogenic freezing is able to preserve objects and materials at extremely low temperatures, leading to a much longer period of preservation. This makes it a great tool for preserving a variety of materials, including biological samples, food items, and even electronics.
Cryogenic Freezing Applications
Cryogenic freezing is a process that uses extremely low temperatures to preserve materials and products. It is a popular method of preserving delicate items that would otherwise be damaged in conventional freezing processes. Cryogenic freezing applications can be used in a variety of industries, including medical, pharmaceutical, and food processing.
In the medical field, cryogenic freezing is used to preserve organs and tissues for transplantation and research. It can also be used to store tissue samples for later study. Cryogenic freezing also plays a role in fertility treatments, as it can be used to preserve viable sperm and eggs for use in in-vitro fertilization.
In the pharmaceutical industry, cryogenic freezing is used to preserve drugs, such as vaccines and biologics, for long-term storage. Additionally, it is often used to store blood products and other biological materials for research and development.
Cryogenic freezing is also widely used in the food processing industry. It is used to preserve food for longer periods of time, as well as to prevent spoilage and extend shelf-life. Cryogenic freezing can also be used to flash-freeze food products, preserving their freshness, texture, and flavor.
Finally, cryogenic freezing is often used in industrial settings to preserve delicate components and materials. It can be used to preserve metals, plastics, and other materials that would otherwise degrade over time. Additionally, it can be used to preserve electronics, such as computer chips and other components.
Overall, cryogenic freezing is a versatile and reliable process that can be used in a variety of industries. From medical to industrial applications, it is a valuable tool for preserving materials and products.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Cryogenic Freezing
Cryogenic freezing is a process by which materials are preserved at very low temperatures, typically below -100°C. This process has both advantages and disadvantages, which are outlined in the table below.
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|
| Preservation of materials at low temperatures for extended periods of time. | Costly process due to the expensive equipment and electricity needed to maintain low temperatures. |
| Protection against microorganism growth and other hazards. | Not suitable for materials which are sensitive to cold temperatures. |
| Allows for the storage of biological materials such as human cells, organs, and tissues. | Dangerous process if not done properly, as it involves handling of extremely cold temperatures. |
The advantages and disadvantages of cryogenic freezing should be carefully considered before undertaking this process. It is important to ensure that the process is conducted correctly and safely, and that the materials being stored are well-suited for cryogenic freezing.
Health and Safety Considerations
When it comes to cryogenic freezing process, health and safety considerations are of utmost importance. The process involves the use of extremely cold temperatures, which can be hazardous if not handled correctly. To ensure safe and effective cryogenic freezing, there are a few key points to consider.
First and foremost, it is essential to wear protective clothing when using cryogenic freezing. Protective clothing should include items such as insulated gloves, face masks, and eye protection. It is also important to use extreme caution when handling the equipment, as the cold temperatures can cause serious burns if not handled correctly.
Second, it is important to ensure that the cryogenic freezing environment is properly ventilated. The buildup of nitrogen gas in the environment can be hazardous, and proper ventilation can help reduce this risk.
Finally, it is important to be aware of any potential health risks associated with cryogenic freezing. For example, exposure to extreme cold temperatures can cause frostbite. It is also important to be aware of any allergies or other medical conditions that may be exacerbated by the cold environment.
By following these safety tips, you can ensure that cryogenic freezing is done safely and effectively. Taking the time to consider these health and safety considerations can help prevent any potential risks and ensure that the cryogenic freezing process is done right.
Cost of Cryogenic Freezing
Cryogenic freezing is a process that involves the use of extremely cold temperatures to preserve and store biological specimens, such as human cells, tissues, and organs. This process has become increasingly popular in recent years due to its potential to extend the lifespan of biological specimens and its potential to increase the success of medical treatments.
The cost of cryogenic freezing depends on a variety of factors, such as the type of cryogenic freezing service being used, the amount of biological material that needs to be frozen, and the duration of the freezing process. Generally speaking, basic cryogenic freezing services can cost anywhere from a few hundred dollars to several thousand dollars. More complex cryogenic freezing services can cost up to tens of thousands of dollars, depending on the needs of the individual or organization.
In addition to the cost of the cryogenic freezing services, there may also be additional costs associated with the process, such as the cost of storage containers, cryogenic tanks, or cryogenic gases. Additionally, there may be recurring costs associated with cryogenic freezing, such as monitoring and maintenance fees.
Overall, the cost of cryogenic freezing can vary significantly depending on the type of service being used and the needs of the individual or organization. It is important to research different cryogenic freezing services and providers to determine the best option for your particular needs.
Environmental Impact of Cryogenic Freezing
Cryogenic freezing is a process that uses extremely low temperatures to preserve materials and products for extended periods of time. While it is a reliable and effective way to preserve items, it is important to consider the environmental impact of this process.
Cryogenic freezing requires a significant amount of energy and resources to maintain the extremely low temperatures needed for the process. This means that it can take a toll on the environment, as the energy consumption and emissions associated with cryogenic freezing can be quite high.
In addition, the materials used for cryogenic freezing can also be hazardous to the environment. Some of these materials, such as liquid nitrogen, are highly toxic and can have negative impacts on the environment if not properly disposed of.
Fortunately, there are ways to reduce the environmental impact of cryogenic freezing. These include using renewable energy sources to power the process, using more efficient equipment and technologies, and properly disposing of any hazardous materials. By taking these steps, companies can mitigate the environmental impact of cryogenic freezing and help to keep our planet healthy.
Ethical Implications of Cryogenic Freezing
Cryogenic freezing is a process that involves cooling a body to very low temperatures in order to preserve it. This process is often used to preserve organs and tissue for future medical use. While this technology can be a potentially life-saving tool, it also raises a number of ethical implications.
The most obvious ethical consideration is the right to life. Cryogenic freezing involves the suspension of life and death. If a person is cryogenically frozen, they are not technically dead, yet they are not alive either. This raises questions about whether a person has the right to choose to be frozen or if it should be the decision of their family or medical professionals.
The cost associated with cryogenic freezing is also a major ethical concern. The technology is expensive and not available to everyone. This creates a situation where only certain individuals may have access to this life-saving treatment. This raises questions about access to healthcare and if everyone should have the same rights and opportunities to obtain this type of treatment.
Finally, there is the potential for misuse of cryogenic technology. This includes the possibility of freezing people without their consent or freezing people for malicious purposes. This raises the ethical question of who should be in control of the technology and if the technology should be regulated in some way.
In conclusion, cryogenic freezing is an invaluable tool that can be used to save lives. However, it also raises a number of ethical considerations that must be taken into account. These include the right to life, cost, and potential misuse of the technology. These ethical implications must be carefully weighed before cryogenic freezing is used in any situation.
Preservation of embryos
Preservation of embryos is an important step in fertility treatments, and the process of cryogenic freezing is often used to achieve this. Cryogenic freezing is a type of cold storage process that involves using extremely low temperatures to preserve biological material. This process is also known as cryopreservation, and it is used to preserve embryos in a state of suspended animation at temperatures as low as -196°C.
At such low temperatures, metabolic processes within the embryos slow down to near-zero levels, preserving the embryos for long periods of time. This means that the embryos can be stored for years or even decades without any deterioration. Cryogenic freezing also allows embryos to be frozen soon after fertilization, which is important for preserving their viability.
In addition to preserving embryos, cryogenic freezing also has other benefits. For example, it can also be used to store sperm and egg cells for future use, as well as other biological material such as tissue samples or organs. This makes it an important tool for medical research and treatments.
Although cryogenic freezing is a reliable and effective method for preserving embryos, it is important to note that there are risks involved. The process can cause damage to the embryos, and the overall success rate is not always 100%. Therefore, it is important to consult with a fertility specialist before proceeding with cryogenic freezing.
Potential use in human medical applications
Cryogenic freezing process has the potential for many beneficial applications in human medicine. In particular, it can be used to preserve organs and tissues for transplantation and repair. It could also be used to preserve cells, such as stem cells, for therapeutic use and research.
In addition, cryogenic freezing has the potential to be used to preserve blood, sperm, and embryos for assisted reproduction, such as fertility treatment and embryo transfer. By preserving these cells and tissues at very low temperatures, they remain viable and can be used at a later time with minimal deterioration.
Furthermore, cryogenic freezing has the potential to be used in the storage of vaccines and medications. By freezing these substances at very low temperatures, they remain effective and can be stored for long periods of time. This could be particularly useful in remote or underdeveloped areas where access to medical supplies is limited.
Finally, cryogenic freezing can be used to preserve tissue samples for medical analysis. By preserving the samples at very low temperatures, they can be stored and analyzed at a later time without any degradation of the sample. This could be particularly useful for research purposes and in diagnosing and treating diseases or conditions.
Overall, cryogenic freezing has the potential to be a very useful tool in human medicine. Its use could revolutionize the way that organs, tissues, cells, vaccines, medications, and tissue samples are stored and used in medical treatments and research.
Issues of consent
The issue of consent is particularly relevant when it comes to the cryogenic freezing process. Cryogenic freezing involves the preservation of a person or animal’s body or tissues at very low temperatures in order to potentially revive them at a later date. This process is sometimes referred to as cryopreservation or cryosuspension and is extremely controversial due to the ethical implications surrounding it.
In order to be cryopreserved, a person must give their consent in advance and must be declared legally dead. This means that the person must be able to make an informed decision and must be of sound mind when they give their consent. The consent must also be legally binding and must be in writing.
The issue of consent is further complicated by the fact that the person giving their consent may not be the same person who will be revived in the future. This means that the person giving the consent must be aware that the person being cryopreserved may not be the same person who will be revived in the future. There is also the question of what happens if a person is revived but their wishes were not taken into consideration. This is a complex legal issue and is something that must be considered when discussing cryopreservation.
In conclusion, the issue of consent is a crucial one when it comes to cryogenic freezing. It is essential that a person’s wishes are taken into consideration and that their consent is legally binding. It is also important to consider the implications of reviving someone who is not the same person who gave the consent.
Potential Future Advances in Cryogenic Freezing
Cryogenic freezing, also known as low-temperature storage, is a process that involves cooling substances to very low temperatures to preserve them for long periods of time. This process has been used for many years to store and preserve biological samples, foods, and other materials. But what potential advances could be made in the future of cryogenic freezing?
One potential advance in cryogenic freezing is the development of better cryoprotectants. Cryoprotectants are substances that are used to protect cells and tissues during the freezing process. Scientists are working on studying different types of cryoprotectants and developing new ones that are more effective and that can reduce the damage to cells and tissues during the freezing process.
Another potential advance is the development of more efficient cryogenic freezing methods. Scientists are exploring ways to freeze materials faster and with fewer energy inputs. This could help make the process more cost-effective and reduce the amount of time needed to store materials.
Scientists are also looking into ways to use cryogenic freezing to store and transport medicines. This could potentially revolutionize the way medicines are stored and transported, making it easier to get them to people in need.
In addition, scientists are looking into ways to use cryogenic freezing to preserve organs for transplant. This could potentially help reduce the wait times for organ transplants and also increase the number of organs available for transplant.
Overall, there are many potential advances in cryogenic freezing that could have a huge impact on the way materials are stored, transported, and preserved in the future. As scientists continue to explore and develop new methods and techniques for cryogenic freezing, the possibilities for this process are endless.
Developments in cryopreservation technology
Cryopreservation, or the process of cryogenic freezing, is an important and growing field of technology that has been used to preserve a wide range of biological materials, from cells and tissues to entire organs. As technology advances, so does the cryopreservation process, allowing for more efficient and effective preservation of samples for both research and clinical use.
In recent years, one of the most important developments in cryopreservation technology has been the introduction of vitrification. This process involves rapid cooling of samples to a point at which they become a glass-like solid, instead of the frozen liquid state that is common to traditional cryopreservation. This allows for samples to be preserved at lower temperatures, and for a greater range of materials to be successfully cryopreserved.
In addition to vitrification, another major advancement in cryopreservation technology is the use of cryoprotectants. These substances are added to samples to help protect them from damage due to the freezing process, and can include both natural and synthetic compounds. By adding cryoprotectants, researchers and clinicians can preserve samples for longer periods of time, and with greater accuracy.
Finally, the development of cryogenic storage systems has also improved the cryopreservation process. These systems allow for samples to be stored in a controlled environment, with temperatures that can be precisely monitored and adjusted. This helps to ensure that samples remain safe and secure during the cryopreservation process, and provides researchers and clinicians with greater confidence that their samples will remain intact and viable.
Overall, cryopreservation technology has come a long way in recent years, and continues to advance in order to provide scientists and clinicians with the best possible preservation of biological materials. With the developments in vitrification, cryoprotectants, and cryogenic storage systems, the process of cryopreservation is now more reliable and efficient than ever before.
Expansion of cryogenic freezing applications
Cryogenic freezing is a process of preserving biological material at very low temperatures, typically between -150°C and -196°C. It is used to maintain the integrity of the material, preventing the growth of bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms, and preserving the quality and freshness of the material. The applications of cryogenic freezing have been steadily expanding, offering new opportunities in the preservation of food, drugs, and medical products.
In the food industry, cryogenic freezing has been used to preserve fruits, vegetables, and meats for extended periods of time. This process helps to maintain the nutritional value, texture, and flavor of food, while also preventing the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms.
In the pharmaceutical industry, cryogenic freezing has been used to store medicines and vaccines. This process helps to preserve the effectiveness of the drug and prevent it from becoming outdated or contaminated. Additionally, cryogenic freezing can also be used to store medical products such as blood and tissue samples.
Cryogenic freezing has also been used to store stem cells and other cells for research and medical purposes. This process helps to preserve the cellular integrity of the cells, allowing researchers to conduct further experiments and studies.
Overall, the applications of cryogenic freezing are vast and diverse, offering a wide range of opportunities for the preservation of food, drugs, and medical products. As research and technology continue to expand, the potential for new and innovative applications of cryogenic freezing will continue to grow.
Summary and Implications
Cryogenic freezing is a process that involves the cooling of a substance to temperatures far below zero. This process can be used to preserve a wide range of materials, including biological samples and food products, for extended periods of time. The implications of cryogenic freezing are far-reaching.
For scientists, cryogenic freezing provides a way to preserve biological samples for longer periods of time, allowing for more detailed and accurate analysis. It also provides an efficient means of storing and shipping biological samples to different laboratories around the world. In the food industry, cryogenic freezing is used to preserve food at temperatures far below zero, providing a longer shelf life and improved taste.
In the medical field, cryogenic freezing has been used to preserve organs, tissues, and cells for transplantation and medical research. Cryogenic freezing also has potential applications in the manufacturing industry, where it can be used to preserve delicate components and materials.
Overall, cryogenic freezing is an incredibly versatile process which has implications across a number of different industries. Its ability to preserve materials at temperatures far below zero has allowed for a number of breakthroughs in medical research and the food industry, and its potential in the manufacturing industry is yet to be fully realized.
Conclusion
In conclusion, cryogenic freezing is a revolutionary process that has many potential applications, from the preservation of food items to potential use in human medical applications. While there are some drawbacks to this technology, such as health and safety considerations and the cost of cryogenic freezing, the potential advances in this technology could have a major impact on the environment and the future of human health. The ethical implications of cryogenic freezing must also be taken into consideration as it could have an impact on the preservation of embryos and could be used without the proper consent of the individuals.
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